Fresh Meat Packaging Market Size, Share, Growth, Trends, Production, Consumption and Forecast 2020 to 2026

Table of Content

1. Executive Summary
1.1. Market Overview
1.2. Market Analysis
1.3. Analysis and Recommendations
1.4. Wheel of Opportunity
2. Market Introduction
2.1. Market Definition
2.2. Market Taxonomy
3. Market Viewpoint
3.1. Global Packaging Industry Outlook
3.2. Global Food & Beverages Industry Outlook
3.3. Recent Mergers & Acquisition Activities in Packaging Industry
3.4. Global Flexible Packaging Market Outlook
3.5. Global Vacuum Skin Packaging Market Outlook
3.6. Why Consumers Prefer Flexible Packaging Formats?
3.7. Packaging Decision Matrix: Who decides what
3.8. Packaging Materials Properties Comparison
3.9. Preference Analysis
3.9.1. By Sealant Layer
3.9.2. By Film Type
3.10. Key Regulations
3.11. Macro-economic Factors & Correlation Analysis
3.12. Value Chain Analysis
3.12.1. Key Market Participants
3.12.1.1. Resin/Film Supplier
3.12.1.2. Packaging Equipment Manufacturers
3.12.1.3. Film Convertor/Manufacturers
3.12.1.4. Brand Owners
3.12.1.5. Retailers
3.12.1.6. End User
3.12.2. Profitability Margin
3.13. Packaging Materials Properties Comparison
3.14. Market Dynamics
3.14.1. Drivers
3.14.2. Restraints
3.14.3. Trends
3.14.4. Opportunities
4. Global Fresh Meat Packaging Market Analysis
4.1. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Analysis & Forecast
4.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections
4.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis
4.4. Global Fresh Meat Packaging Market: Pricing Analysis(2018)
5. Global Fresh Meat Packaging Market Analysis, by Material
5.1. Section Summary
5.2. Introduction
5.2.1. Market Value Share Analysis, by Material
5.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, by Material
5.3. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Material
5.3.1. PE
5.3.2. PP
5.3.3. BOPP
5.3.4. EVOH
5.3.5. PVC
5.3.6. PA
5.3.7. Others
5.4. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Material
5.4.1. PE
5.4.2. PP
5.4.3. BOPP
5.4.4. EVOH
5.4.5. PVC
5.4.6. PA
5.4.7. Others
5.5. Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Packaging Technology
6. Global Fresh Meat Packaging Market Analysis, by Packaging Technology
6.1. Section Summary
6.2. Introduction
6.2.1. Market Value Share Analysis, by Packaging Technology
6.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, by Packaging Technology
6.3. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Packaging Technology
6.3.1. Modified Atmosphere
6.3.2. Vacuum Skin
6.3.3. Vacuum Thermoformed
6.3.4. Others
6.4. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Packaging Technology
6.4.1. Modified Atmosphere
6.4.2. Vacuum Skin
6.4.3. Vacuum Thermoformed
6.4.4. Others
6.5. Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Packaging Technology
7. Global Fresh Meat Packaging Market Analysis, by Meat
7.1. Section Summary
7.2. Introduction
7.2.1. Market Value Share Analysis, by Meat
7.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, by Meat
7.3. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Meat
7.3.1. Beef
7.3.2. Pork
7.3.3. Poultry
7.3.4. Seafood
7.3.5. Others
7.4. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Meat
7.4.1. Beef
7.4.2. Pork
7.4.3. Poultry
7.4.4. Seafood
7.4.5. Others
7.5. Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Meat
8. Global Fresh Meat Packaging Market Analysis, by Region
8.1. Section Summary
8.2. Introduction
8.2.1. Market Value Share Analysis, by Region
8.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Analysis, by Region
8.3. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Region
8.3.1. North America
8.3.2. Latin America
8.3.3. Western Europe
8.3.4. Eastern Europe
8.3.5. APEJ
8.3.6. Japan
8.3.7. Middle East & Africa (MEA)
8.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Region
9. North America Fresh Meat Packaging Market Analysis
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Pricing Analysis
9.3. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Analysis, 2015-2018, by Country
9.3.1. U.S.
9.3.2. Canada
9.4. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Country
9.4.1. U.S.
9.4.2. Canada
9.5. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Material
9.5.1. PE
9.5.2. PP
9.5.3. BOPP
9.5.4. EVOH
9.5.5. PVC
9.5.6. PA
9.5.7. Others
9.6. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Materia Type
9.6.1. PE
9.6.2. PP
9.6.3. BOPP
9.6.4. EVOH
9.6.5. PVC
9.6.6. PA
9.6.7. Others
9.7. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Packaging Technology
9.7.1. Modified Atmosphere
9.7.2. Vacuum Skin
9.7.3. Vacuum Thermoformed
9.7.4. Others
9.8. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Packaging Technology
9.8.1. Modified Atmosphere
9.8.2. Vacuum Skin
9.8.3. Vacuum Thermoformed
9.8.4. Others
9.9. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Meat
9.9.1. Beef
9.9.2. Pork
9.9.3. Poultry
9.9.4. Seafood
9.9.5. Others
9.10. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Meat
9.10.1. Beef
9.10.2. Pork
9.10.3. Poultry
9.10.4. Seafood
9.10.5. Others
10. Latin America Fresh Meat Packaging Market Analysis
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Pricing Analysis
10.3. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Country
10.3.1. Brazil
10.3.2. Mexico
10.3.3. Argentina
10.3.4. Rest of Latin America
10.4. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Analysis, by Country, 2020-2026
10.4.1. Brazil
10.4.2. Mexico
10.4.3. Argentina
10.4.4. Rest of Latin America
10.5. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Material
10.5.1. PE
10.5.2. PP
10.5.3. BOPP
10.5.4. EVOH
10.5.5. PVC
10.5.6. PA
10.5.7. Others
10.6. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Material
10.6.1. PE
10.6.2. PP
10.6.3. BOPP
10.6.4. EVOH
10.6.5. PVC
10.6.6. PA
10.6.7. Others
10.7. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Packaging Technology
10.7.1. Modified Atmosphere
10.7.2. Vacuum Skin
10.7.3. Vacuum Thermoformed
10.7.4. Others
10.8. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Packaging Technology
10.8.1. Modified Atmosphere
10.8.2. Vacuum Skin
10.8.3. Vacuum Thermoformed
10.8.4. Others
10.9. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Meat
10.9.1. Beef
10.9.2. Pork
10.9.3. Poultry
10.9.4. Seafood
10.9.5. Others
10.10. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Meat
10.10.1. Beef
10.10.2. Pork
10.10.3. Poultry
10.10.4. Seafood
10.10.5. Others
11. Western Europe Fresh Meat Packaging Market Analysis
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Pricing Analysis
11.3. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Country
11.3.1. Germany
11.3.2. France
11.3.3. UK
11.3.4. Spain
11.3.5. Italy
11.3.6. Nordics
11.3.7. Benelux
11.3.8. Rest of Western Europe
11.4. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Analysis, by Country, 2020-2026
11.4.1. Germany
11.4.2. France
11.4.3. UK
11.4.4. Spain
11.4.5. Italy
11.4.6. Nordics
11.4.7. Benelux
11.4.8. Rest of Western Europe
11.5. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Material
11.5.1. PE
11.5.2. PP
11.5.3. BOPP
11.5.4. EVOH
11.5.5. PVC
11.5.6. PA
11.5.7. Others
11.6. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Material
11.6.1. PE
11.6.2. PP
11.6.3. BOPP
11.6.4. EVOH
11.6.5. PVC
11.6.6. PA
11.6.7. Others
11.7. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Packaging Technology
11.7.1. Modified Atmosphere
11.7.2. Vacuum Skin
11.7.3. Vacuum Thermoformed
11.7.4. Others
11.8. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Packaging Technology
11.8.1. Modified Atmosphere
11.8.2. Vacuum Skin
11.8.3. Vacuum Thermoformed
11.8.4. Others
11.9. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Meat
11.9.1. Beef
11.9.2. Pork
11.9.3. Poultry
11.9.4. Seafood
11.9.5. Others
11.10. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Meat
11.10.1. Beef
11.10.2. Pork
11.10.3. Poultry
11.10.4. Seafood
11.10.5. Others
12. Eastern Europe
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Pricing Analysis
12.3. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Country
12.3.1. Russia
12.3.2. Poland
12.3.3. Rest of Eastern Europe
12.4. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Analysis, by Country, 2020-2026
12.4.1. Russia
12.4.2. Poland
12.4.3. Rest of Eastern Europe
12.5. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Material
12.5.1. PE
12.5.2. PP
12.5.3. BOPP
12.5.4. EVOH
12.5.5. PVC
12.5.6. PA
12.5.7. Others
12.6. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Material
12.6.1. PE
12.6.2. PP
12.6.3. BOPP
12.6.4. EVOH
12.6.5. PVC
12.6.6. PA
12.6.7. Others
12.7. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Packaging Technology
12.7.1. Modified Atmosphere
12.7.2. Vacuum Skin
12.7.3. Vacuum Thermoformed
12.7.4. Others
12.8. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Packaging Technology
12.8.1. Modified Atmosphere
12.8.2. Vacuum Skin
12.8.3. Vacuum Thermoformed
12.8.4. Others
12.9. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Meat
12.9.1. Beef
12.9.2. Pork
12.9.3. Poultry
12.9.4. Seafood
12.9.5. Others
12.10. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Meat
12.10.1. Beef
12.10.2. Pork
12.10.3. Poultry
12.10.4. Seafood
12.10.5. Others
13. Asia Pacific excluding Japan Fresh Meat Packaging Market Analysis
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Pricing Analysis
13.3. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Country
13.3.1. China
13.3.2. India
13.3.3. ASEAN
13.3.4. Australia and New Zealand
13.3.5. Rest of APEJ
13.4. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Country
13.4.1. China
13.4.2. India
13.4.3. ASEAN
13.4.4. Australia and New Zealand
13.4.5. Rest of APEJ
13.5. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Material
13.5.1. PE
13.5.2. PP
13.5.3. BOPP
13.5.4. EVOH
13.5.5. PVC
13.5.6. PA
13.5.7. Others
13.6. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Material
13.6.1. PE
13.6.2. PP
13.6.3. BOPP
13.6.4. EVOH
13.6.5. PVC
13.6.6. PA
13.6.7. Others
13.7. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Packaging Technology
13.7.1. Modified Atmosphere
13.7.2. Vacuum Skin
13.7.3. Vacuum Thermoformed
13.7.4. Others
13.8. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Packaging Technology
13.8.1. Modified Atmosphere
13.8.2. Vacuum Skin
13.8.3. Vacuum Thermoformed
13.8.4. Others
13.9. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Meat
13.9.1. Beef
13.9.2. Pork
13.9.3. Poultry
13.9.4. Seafood
13.9.5. Others
13.10. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Meat
13.10.1. Beef
13.10.2. Pork
13.10.3. Poultry
13.10.4. Seafood
13.10.5. Others
14. Japan
14.1. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Material
14.1.1. PE
14.1.2. PP
14.1.3. BOPP
14.1.4. EVOH
14.1.5. PVC
14.1.6. PA
14.1.7. Others
14.2. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Material
14.2.1. PE
14.2.2. PP
14.2.3. BOPP
14.2.4. EVOH
14.2.5. PVC
14.2.6. PA
14.2.7. Others
14.3. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Packaging Technology
14.3.1. Modified Atmosphere
14.3.2. Vacuum Skin
14.3.3. Vacuum Thermoformed
14.3.4. Others
14.4. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Packaging Technology
14.4.1. Modified Atmosphere
14.4.2. Vacuum Skin
14.4.3. Vacuum Thermoformed
14.4.4. Others
14.5. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Meat
14.5.1. Beef
14.5.2. Pork
14.5.3. Poultry
14.5.4. Seafood
14.5.5. Others
14.6. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Meat
14.6.1. Beef
14.6.2. Pork
14.6.3. Poultry
14.6.4. Seafood
14.6.5. Others
15. Middle East & Africa Fresh Meat Packaging Market Analysis
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Pricing Analysis
15.3. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Country
15.3.1. GCC Countries
15.3.2. Northern Africa
15.3.3. South Africa
15.3.4. Rest of MEA
15.4. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Country
15.4.1. GCC Countries
15.4.2. Northern Africa
15.4.3. South Africa
15.4.4. Rest of MEA
15.5. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Material
15.5.1. PE
15.5.2. PP
15.5.3. BOPP
15.5.4. EVOH
15.5.5. PVC
15.5.6. PA
15.5.7. Others
15.6. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Material
15.6.1. PE
15.6.2. PP
15.6.3. BOPP
15.6.4. EVOH
15.6.5. PVC
15.6.6. PA
15.6.7. Others
15.7. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Packaging Technology
15.7.1. Modified Atmosphere
15.7.2. Vacuum Skin
15.7.3. Vacuum Thermoformed
15.7.4. Others
15.8. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Packaging Technology
15.8.1. Modified Atmosphere
15.8.2. Vacuum Skin
15.8.3. Vacuum Thermoformed
15.8.4. Others
15.9. Historical Market Value(US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons), 2015-2018, by Meat
15.9.1. Beef
15.9.2. Pork
15.9.3. Poultry
15.9.4. Seafood
15.9.5. Others
15.10. Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Forecast, 2020-2026, by Meat
15.10.1. Beef
15.10.2. Pork
15.10.3. Poultry
15.10.4. Seafood
15.10.5. Others
16. Market Structure Analysis
16.1. Market Analysis by Tier of Companies
16.1.1. By Large, Medium, and Small
16.2. Market Concentration
16.2.1. By Top 5 and by Top 10
16.3. Production Capacity Share Analysis
16.3.1. By Large, Medium, and Small
16.3.2. By Top 5 and Top 10
16.4. Market Share Analysis of Top 10 Players
16.4.1. The Americas Market Share Analysis, by Top Players
16.4.2. EMEA Market Share Analysis, by Top Players
16.4.3. Asia Pacific Market Share Analysis, by Top Players
16.5. Market Presence Analysis
16.5.1. By Regional footprint of Players
16.5.2. Product footprint, by Players
16.5.3. Channel footprint, by Players
17. Competition Analysis
17.1. Competition Dashboard
17.2. Profitability and Gross Margin Analysis
17.3. Competition Developments
17.4. Competition Deep Dive
17.4.1. Amcor plc
17.4.1.1. Overview
17.4.1.2. Product Portfolio
17.4.1.3. Profitability
17.4.1.4. Production Footprint
17.4.1.5. Sales Footprint
17.4.1.6. Channel Footprint
17.4.1.7. Competition Benchmarking
17.4.1.8. Strategy
17.4.1.8.1. Marketing Strategy
17.4.1.8.2. Product Strategy
17.4.1.8.3. Channel Strategy
17.4.2. Berry Global Inc.
17.4.2.1. Overview
17.4.2.2. Product Portfolio
17.4.2.3. Profitability
17.4.2.4. Production Footprint
17.4.2.5. Sales Footprint
17.4.2.6. Channel Footprint
17.4.2.7. Competition Benchmarking
17.4.2.8. Strategy
17.4.2.8.1. Marketing Strategy
17.4.2.8.2. Product Strategy
17.4.2.8.3. Channel Strategy
17.4.3. Winpak Ltd.
17.4.3.1. Overview
17.4.3.2. Product Portfolio
17.4.3.3. Profitability
17.4.3.4. Production Footprint
17.4.3.5. Sales Footprint
17.4.3.6. Channel Footprint
17.4.3.7. Competition Benchmarking
17.4.3.8. Strategy
17.4.3.8.1. Marketing Strategy
17.4.3.8.2. Product Strategy
17.4.3.8.3. Channel Strategy
17.4.4. Sealed Air Corp.
17.4.4.1. Overview
17.4.4.2. Product Portfolio
17.4.4.3. Profitability
17.4.4.4. Production Footprint
17.4.4.5. Sales Footprint
17.4.4.6. Channel Footprint
17.4.4.7. Competition Benchmarking
17.4.4.8. Strategy
17.4.4.8.1. Marketing Strategy
17.4.4.8.2. Product Strategy
17.4.4.8.3. Channel Strategy
17.4.5. Coveris Holdings S.A.
17.4.5.1. Overview
17.4.5.2. Product Portfolio
17.4.5.3. Profitability
17.4.5.4. Production Footprint
17.4.5.5. Sales Footprint
17.4.5.6. Channel Footprint
17.4.5.7. Competition Benchmarking
17.4.5.8. Strategy
17.4.5.8.1. Marketing Strategy
17.4.5.8.2. Product Strategy
17.4.5.8.3. Channel Strategy
17.4.6. Bolloré Group
17.4.6.1. Overview
17.4.6.2. Product Portfolio
17.4.6.3. Profitability
17.4.6.4. Production Footprint
17.4.6.5. Sales Footprint
17.4.6.6. Channel Footprint
17.4.6.7. Competition Benchmarking
17.4.6.8. Strategy
17.4.6.8.1. Marketing Strategy
17.4.6.8.2. Product Strategy
17.4.6.8.3. Channel Strategy
17.4.7. Mondi Group
17.4.7.1. Overview
17.4.7.2. Product Portfolio
17.4.7.3. Profitability
17.4.7.4. Production Footprint
17.4.7.5. Sales Footprint
17.4.7.6. Channel Footprint
17.4.7.7. Competition Benchmarking
17.4.7.8. Strategy
17.4.7.8.1. Marketing Strategy
17.4.7.8.2. Product Strategy
17.4.7.8.3. Channel Strategy
17.4.8. Tetra Pak International S.A.
17.4.8.1. Overview
17.4.8.2. Product Portfolio
17.4.8.3. Profitability
17.4.8.4. Production Footprint
17.4.8.5. Sales Footprint
17.4.8.6. Channel Footprint
17.4.8.7. Competition Benchmarking
17.4.8.8. Strategy
17.4.8.8.1. Marketing Strategy
17.4.8.8.2. Product Strategy
17.4.8.8.3. Channel Strategy
17.4.9. Cascades Inc.
17.4.9.1. Overview
17.4.9.2. Product Portfolio
17.4.9.3. Profitability
17.4.9.4. Production Footprint
17.4.9.5. Sales Footprint
17.4.9.6. Channel Footprint
17.4.9.7. Competition Benchmarking
17.4.9.8. Strategy
17.4.9.8.1. Marketing Strategy
17.4.9.8.2. Product Strategy
17.4.9.8.3. Channel Strategy
17.4.10. Smurfit Kappa Group plc
17.4.10.1. Overview
17.4.10.2. Product Portfolio
17.4.10.3. Profitability
17.4.10.4. Production Footprint
17.4.10.5. Sales Footprint
17.4.10.6. Channel Footprint
17.4.10.7. Competition Benchmarking
17.4.10.8. Strategy
17.4.10.8.1. Marketing Strategy
17.4.10.8.2. Product Strategy
17.4.10.8.3. Channel Strategy
17.4.11. Amerplast Ltd.
17.4.11.1. Overview
17.4.11.2. Product Portfolio
17.4.11.3. Profitability
17.4.11.4. Production Footprint
17.4.11.5. Sales Footprint
17.4.11.6. Channel Footprint
17.4.11.7. Competition Benchmarking
17.4.11.8. Strategy
17.4.11.8.1. Marketing Strategy
17.4.11.8.2. Product Strategy
17.4.11.8.3. Channel Strategy
17.4.12. Faerch Plast A/S
17.4.12.1. Overview
17.4.12.2. Product Portfolio
17.4.12.3. Profitability
17.4.12.4. Production Footprint
17.4.12.5. Sales Footprint
17.4.12.6. Channel Footprint
17.4.12.7. Competition Benchmarking
17.4.12.8. Strategy
17.4.12.8.1. Marketing Strategy
17.4.12.8.2. Product Strategy
17.4.12.8.3. Channel Strategy
18. Assumptions and Acronyms Used
19. Research Methodology